direct indirect speech

DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH

Ketika menggunakan kalimat langsung atau dilaporkan, perubahan bentuk. Biasanya kalimat tidak langsung diperkenalkan oleh verba tersebut, seperti dalam saya katakan, Bill kata, atau kata mereka. Menggunakan kata kerja mengatakan dalam tegang, menunjukkan sesuatu yang dikatakan di masa lalu. Dalam kasus ini, kata kerja utama dalam kalimat dilaporkan diletakkan di masa lalu. Jika kata kerja utama sudah dalam bentuk waktu lampau, maka perubahan tegang ke lampau, hampir dapat dilihat sebagai bergerak lebih jauh ke masa lalu.

Perubahan Kata kerja juga ciri situasi lain menggunakan kalimat tidak langsung. Perhatikan perubahan yang ditunjukkan dalam grafik dan lihat tabel di bawah ini untuk contoh. Dengan kalimat tidak langsung, penggunaan yang opsional.

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
simple present He said, “I go to school every day.”	simple past He said (that) he went to school every day.
simple past He said, “I went to school every day.”	past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present perfect He said, “I have gone to school every day.”	past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present progressive He said, “I am going to school every day.”   past progressive He said, “I was going to school every day.” perfect progressive He said (that) he had been going to school every day, future (will) He said, “I will go to school every day.” would + verb name He said (that) he would go to school every day. future (going to) He said, “I am going to school every day.” present progressive He said (that) he is going to school every day. past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day Direct Speech Indirect Speech auxiliary + verb name He said, “Do you go to school every day?” He said, “Where do you go to school?” simple past He asked me if I went to school every day.* He asked me where I went to school. imperative He said, “Go to school every day.” infinitive He said to go to school every day. Catatan dari ketika seorang Ya / Tidak ada pertanyaan yang diminta dalam kalimat langsung, maka konstruksi dengan jika atau apakah digunakan. Jika pertanyaan WH yang diminta, kemudian gunakan WH untuk memperkenalkan klausa. Juga mencatat bahwa dengan kalimat tidak langsung, ini adalah contoh pertanyaan tertanam. Perubahan situasi jika bukan umum mengatakan bagian lain yang sangat untuk mengatakan digunakan. Dalam hal bahwa tenses kata kerja biasanya tetap sama. Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech simple present + simple present He says, “I go to school every day.” Þ simple present + simple present He says (that) he goes to school every day. present perfect + simple present He has said, “I go to school every day.” Þ present perfect + simple present He has said (that) he goes to school every day. past progressive + simple past He was saying, “I went to school every day.” Þ past progressive + simple past He was saying (that) he went to school every day. past progressive + past perfect He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day. future + simple present He will say, “I go to school every day.” Þ future + simple present He will say (that) he goes to school every day.  Situasi lain adalah di mana modal konstruksi digunakan. Jika verba tersebut digunakan, maka bentuk modal, atau modal lain yang memiliki makna masa lalu digunakan. Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech can He said, “I can go to school every day.” Þ could He said (that) he could go to school every day. may He said, “I may go to school every day.” Þ might He said (that) he might go to school every day. might He said, “I might go to school every day.” must He said, “I must go to school every day.” Þ had to He said (that) he had to go to school every day. have to He said, “I have to go to school every day.” should He said, “I should go to school every day.” Þ should He said (that) he should go to school every day. ought to He said, “I ought to go to school every day.” Þ ought to He said (that) he ought to go to school every day. Meskipun tidak semua kemungkinan telah tercantum di sini, ada cukup untuk memberikan contoh dari aturan-aturan utama yang mengatur penggunaan pidato langsung atau dilaporkan. Untuk situasi lain, cobalah untuk ekstrapolasi dari contoh di sini, atau masih lebih baik, lihat teks tata bahasa yang baik atau buku referensi. Beberapa kata kerja lainnya yang dapat digunakan untuk memperkenalkan kalimat langsung adalah: bertanya, laporan, mengatakan, mengumumkan, menyarankan, dan bertanya. Mereka tidak digunakan secara bergantian; cek buku tata bahasa atau penggunaan untuk informasi lebih lanjut.                      (SUMBER :GOOGLE)	past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day.

Passive Voice

 Three Fish

Once three fish lived in a pond. One evening, some fishermen passed by the pond and saw the fish. ‘This pond is full of fish’, they told each other excitedly. ‘we have never fished here before. We must come back tomorrow morning with our nets and catch these fish!’ So saying, the fishermen left.
When the eldest of the three fish heard this, he was troubled. He called the other fish together and said, ‘Did you hear what the fishermen said? We must leave this pond at once. The fishermen will return tomorrow and kill us all!’ The second of the three fish agreed. ‘You are right’, he said. ‘We must leave the pond.’
But the youngest fish laughed. ‘You are worrying without reason’, he said. ‘We have lived in this pond all our lives, and no fisherman has ever come here. Why should these men return? I am not going anywhere – my luck will keep me safe’.
The eldest of the fish left the pond that very evening with his entire family. The second fish saw the fishermen coming in the distance early next morning and left the pond at once with all his family. The third fish refused to leave even then.
The fishermen arrived and caught all the fish left in the pond. The third fish’s luck did not help him – he was caught and killed.

Conditional (if clause)

Conditional (If Clause)

Conditional Sentence Type 1

→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.
(Hal ini dimungkinkan dan juga sangat mungkin bahwa kondisi tersebut akan terpenuhi)
Rumus : if/unless + Simple Present, will/won’t -Future

Example: If you do mine tomorrow, I will do yours on Friday

Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.
(Hal ini mungkin tetapi sangat tidak mungkin, bahwa kondisi tersebut akan terpenuhi)
Rumus : if clause + ‘d (would / wouldn’t)

Example:     if clause                                         main clause

                        If I had the money                       I’d (would) go to Japan

Conditional Sentence Type 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
(tidak mungkin bahwa kondisi tersebut akan terpenuhi karena mengacu pada masa lalu)
rumus: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.